Leadership and Management Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology

Administration and Management Essays - Leadership, Social Psychology Anthony P. Moreno LDR/300 Administration and Management January 25th 2016 Conceptual I will talk about the contrasts among initiative and the executives with definitions, individual models and models from the content. Administration is something that we as a whole need in any condition or circumstance that we are in. The executives is basically found in associations and in the workplace. Administration is a procedure whereby an individual impacts a gathering of people to accomplish a typical goal.(Northouse, 2013) Management is tied in with looking for request, arranging, staffing, strength, sorting out, and controlling in associations to assist them with working gainfully and deliberately. In the military there are various employments that every mariner contributes simply like some other activity. A few occupations or obligations are a higher priority than others. At my specific employment we have a few heads that are bad at overseeing and we have some administration that are not generally excellent pioneers. For instance, on the off chance that we have a strategic complete and they oversaw what our crucial, sorted out it, set up our instructions in advance for it and gave us a plan of when we should land and be back, however they ordinarily dont go on the missions with us. This is the point at which an authority position comes in and dominates. Because a specific s trategic oversaw bit by bit something can generally turn out badly with any easily overlooked detail like low fuel, broken part on the plane, not emptying freight sufficiently quick and we may miss our time table as a result of these incidents. Administration becomes possibly the most important factor since somebody ventures up and chooses what is best for our wellbeing and decides how we will have the option to proceed with the crucial it must be required to be postponed until we fix what should be fixed. A portion of the diverse influential positions are inspiration; this job enables the whole group to work with an uplifting attitude since they have somebody who needs them to prevail behind them. Authority sets up course for the group by setting systems and having the option to clarify of the comprehensive view. Some administration jobs are to sort out and give structure like principles and techniques. The board produces request and consistency by likewise controlling and utilizing critical thinking. These jobs are distinctive among authority and the executives on the grounds that an administration job is to look for request and an influential position is to seek after helpful change. As indicated by Northouse (2013), Defining authority as a procedure implies that it's anything but a quality or trademark that lives in the pioneer, but instead a value-based even that happens between the pioneer and the devotees. The pioneer isnt brought into the world a pioneer, despite the fact that that is a typical saying. A pioneer builds up a specific aptitudes when in gatherings and plays the job by helping show individuals and urging individuals to prevail to their shared objective. Authority includes impact. Without impact, initiative doesn't exist. (Northouse 2013) The attribute point of view proposes that specific people have uncommon intrinsic or inalienable attributes or characteristics that make them pioneers, and that it is these characteristics that separate them from non pioneers. (Northouse 2013) References Northouse, P. G. (2013). Initiative: Theory and practice.

International marketing research

Worldwide showcasing research Presentation One of the most striking advancements of ongoing decades has been the globalization of business. The development of world exchange requires more data about remote markets and organizations which venture into new and obscure markets must have the data about the interest and states of these business sectors. Organizations attack not just into such created showcases as Europe, US and Japan, yet in addition into the unsteady however developing markets of Latin America, the politically questionable markets of the Middle East and Russia, and the quickly changing markets of South East Asia and the rising African markets[1]. The improvement of new correspondence and data innovations change the way of life, utilization conduct and buying examples of various countries. This demonstrates the advertising research in worldwide condition has gotten fundamental. The reason for this paper is to give meaning of the universal advertising research and depict the elements which impact the showcasing research in various nations. The paper additionally manages the means of global showcasing research procedure and its primary classes. The points of interest and disservices of gathering optional and essential information and overview strategies for universal showcasing research are introduced in the paper. At long last, the issues which may happen in the global advertising research are summarized. 1. Promoting Research in a Global Environment Promoting research practices and strategies have gotten really worldwide. For instance, the universes biggest research firm, Nielsen, is headquartered in the U.S. be that as it may, determines just about 66% of its income from outside the U.S. It is normalizing a great part of the information it routinely gathers in 27 distinct nations. Universal advertising chiefs settle on indistinguishable essential sorts of choices from do the individuals who work in just a single nation. Obviously, they settle on these choices in a progressively confused condition. Likewise with promoting choices, the fundamental capacity of advertising research and the exploration procedure doesn't contrast among residential and global research. Be that as it may, the procedure is convoluted exponentially as an ever increasing number of nations are associated with a similar choice. The fundamental variables which impact the promoting research in various nations are 1. Social contrasts. Culture alludes to broadly shared standards or examples of conduct of a huge gathering of people[2]. It is the qualities, perspectives, convictions, antiques and other significant images spoke to in the example of life embraced by individuals that help them decipher, assess and convey as individuals from society[3]. An organization which deals with the universal market needs culturally diverse mindfulness. Multifaceted contrasts (language, non-verbal correspondence, various standards and qualities) may cause culturally diverse goofs. There are instances of social botches in the promoting blend. Item. At the point when a soda pop was propelled in Arab nations, it has a mark with six-pointed stars. The deals were low as the stars were related with Israel. Cost. An American firm was happy to set a sensible cost for the item they proposed to offer to the Japanese. A point by point introduction was made to the Japanese agents, yet it was trailed by a profound quietness. The Americans believed that the Japanese were going to dismiss the cost and offered a lower cost. The Japanese kept quietness once more. After that the Americans brought down the cost again saying that it was the most reduced they could sell at. After a short quietness the offer was acknowledged. Later the Japanese admitted that the first offered cost was very adequate, however they had a convention to thoroughly consider the offer quietly. An American organization endured extraordinary misfortunes for this situation. Spot. An organization needed to enter the Spanish market with two-liter beverages bottles and fizzled. Before long they discovered that Spaniards favor little entryway refrigerators and they couldn't place huge containers into them. Advancement. Pepsico came to Taiwan with the promotion Come Alive with Pepsi. They couldn't envision that is it deciphered Pepsi will bring your family members resurrected into Chinese. 2. Racial Differences. This alludes to the distinctions in physical highlights of individuals in various countries[4]. For instance, kinds of hair style and corrective items contrast significantly in different nations. 3. Climatic Differences. These are the meteorological conditions, for example, temperature range or level of downpour. For instance, Bosch-Siemens adjusted their clothes washers to the business sectors they sell. In Scandinavia, where there are not many radiant days, they sell clothes washers with a base turn pattern of 1,000 rpm and a limit of 1,600 rpm, while in Italy and Spain a turn pattern of 500 rpm is sufficient. 4. Financial Differences. Financial improvement of different nations is extraordinary and when an organization presents another item it adjusts it to that new market. There are factors which show the degree of monetary turn of events Purchasing force and income of the market. In created nations with higher pay of income individuals incline toward confused item with cutting edge capacities, while in poor nations basic item are best. The framework of the market. Such components of the foundation of the nation as transport, correspondence framework and others impact the item. When Suzuki entering the Indian market the suspension was strengthened as the condition of streets in India is poor. 5. Strict Differences. Religion influences the item significantly and causes organizations to adjust their item to strict standards. On the off chance that an organization trades basic food item items to Islamic nations it must have an uncommon authentication showing that the creature was butchered by Halal techniques. 6. Authentic Differences. Recorded contrasts influence the buyer conduct. For example, Scotch bourbon is viewed as elegant in Italy and not in vogue in Scotland. 7. Language Differences. The right interpretation and language adjustment is significant. For instance, when Proctor Gamble entered the Polish markets it deciphered appropriately its names however fizzled. Later they discovered that blemished language more likely than not been utilized so as to show that the organization fits in. Other than the distinctions referenced above, there might be contrasts in the way that items or administrations are utilized, contrasts in the measures for evaluating items or administrations across different markets and contrasts in statistical surveying offices and capabilities[5]. 2. Global Marketing Research Process a. Global Marketing Research Categories Global showcasing research is the orderly structure, assortment, recording, examination, understanding, and detailing of data appropriate to a specific advertising choice confronting an organization working universally. Worldwide advertising supervisors need to continually screen the various powers influencing their universal operations[6]. There are three general classifications of research dependent on the sort of data required. Exploratory research manages finding the general idea of the issue and the factors that identify with it. Exploratory research is described by a high level of adaptability, and it will in general depend on optional information, accommodation or judgment tests, little scope reviews or basic trials, case examinations, and abstract assessment of the outcomes. Spellbinding examination is centered around the exact portrayal of the factors in the difficult model. Purchaser profile examines, showcase potential examinations, item use contemplates, disposition reviews, deals investigations, media research, and value overviews are instances of unmistakable research. Any wellspring of data can be utilized in an unmistakable report, albeit most investigations of this nature depend intensely on auxiliary information sources and review inquire about. Causal research endeavors to determine the idea of the utilitarian connection between at least two factors in the difficult model. For instance, concentrates on the adequacy of promoting by and large endeavor to find the degree to which publicizing causes deals or disposition change. There are three sorts of proof to make deductions about causation: (1) attendant variety, (2) grouping of event, and (3) nonappearance of other potential easygoing elements. Attending variety, or invariant affiliation, is a typical reason for ascribâ ­ing cause. For instance, the promoting consumptions change over various geographic territories and measure deals in every region. To the degree that high deals happen in territories with huge promoting consumptions and low deals happen in regions with constrained publicizing uses, it is construed that publicizing is a reason for deals. It must be focused on this have been just surmised, it isn't demonstrated that expanded promoting causes expanded deals. Succession of event can likewise give proof of causation. For one occasion to cause another, it should consistently go before it. An occasion that happens after another occasion can't be said to cause the primary occasion. The significance of grouping can be exhibited in the last case of promoting causing deals. It is assumed that further examination demonstrated that the publicizing allotment to the geoâ ­graphic locales had been founded on the last time frames deals with the end goal that the degree of promoting was straightforwardly identified with past deals. Out of nowhere, the nature of our causal relationship is switched. Presently, due to the grouping of occasions, it very well may be gathered that adjustments in deals levels cause changes in promoting levels. A last kind of proof that is utilized to derive causality is the nonappearance of other potential causal components. That is, in the event that one could consistently or through our examination configuration wipe out all conceivable causative components aside from the one he/she is keen on, he/she would have set up that the variable he/she is worried about was the causative factor. Tragically, it is never conceivable to control totally or to elim

10 Reasons to Read Essays

10 Reasons to Read Essays Im what you might call an essay evangelist. Ive been a devoted reader of them ever since a life-transforming college English class where we read from Philip Lopates The Art of the Personal Essay, the book I call my Essay Bible. I was hooked and have read essays regularly ever since. But I think a lot of people dont consider essay collections or anthologies as things they might want to read, and Im not entirely sure why. Maybe its that essays seem boring or stuffy, that fiction feels more fun, or that readers arent sure where to start. But if you are open to persuasion, or if you are interested in reading an essay collection but havent yet taken the plunge, here are 10 reasons to consider picking one up the next time you are casting about for something new to read: 1. Essays can be about anything, and you are guaranteed to find some on subjects that interest you. Ive read essays on feminism, empathy, California, elephants, Instagram, dieting, palliative care, babies, and France. And much, much more. If you want to read about it, someones probably written an essay on it. (And if not, then you can always write your own!) 2. The best essayists make any subject interesting. Think you would never want to read an essay on flies? Well, Sallie Tisdales The Sutra of Maggots and Blowflies from her book Violation will make you think otherwise. Think an essay about going to a state fair sounds boring? Its not. Its good to read an essay because the subject interests you, but its even better to read an essay and find a seemingly dull topic transformed into a page-turner. 3. The best essays feel like a scintillating conversation. Or they are like listening to a lecture by the best college professor you ever had. Essays can give you a glimpse into someones mind. A good essay is letting a wise, amusing, enticing, seductive voice into your head. To me, they can feel companionable, as though Im making a new best friend. Or, in other cases, they let me safely spend time with someone I never actually want to meet, but whose brain Im curious about. 4. The essay as a genre has always felt wide open to me, as though writers can do absolutely anything in them. Which they can. Essays are where writers can follow their thoughts in any direction they want, mix and match any subjects they want, use any tone they want. There arent any rules about what an essay should be about or how it should be written. The only rule is that it must be interesting. 5. Essays can satisfy the itch to learn about the world while being entertained. They both teach and please. Some essayists research their subjects deeply and some do in-depth reporting to prepare for writing them. Essays are a great source of information, but the good ones are never textbook-like. They make learning fun. 6. Some essays are deeply personal, full of confessions and secrets newly revealed. Essays are a place where writers bare their souls and make readers feel less alone. They can be a source of comfort. 7. Essays, like stories, fit into short pockets of time throughout the day. They are great for a busy schedule because you can read one quickly and feel like you accomplished something. They fit nicely into a lunch hour or a short reading session right before bed. 8. There are lots of ways to read essay collections. You can read them in their entirety from front to back, you can read them out of order, or you can read one or two essays and move on to another book. If you take a year to read an entire collection, who cares? You wont lose the thread of a story as you would with a novel if you take a long time. 9. You can get the best of all genres in essays: they can contain elements of fiction, memoir, poetry, biography, philosophy, literary criticism, sociology, history, science, mystery, romance, and other, unclassifiable, fabulous things. 10. Essays are cool and you look smarter when you read them. (I said I was an essay evangelist, right? Forgive me for this one.) So, now that Ive convinced you to pick up an essay collection, where should you start? Here are 100 suggestions. These five are particularly good choices: How To Slowly Kill Yourself and Others in America, by Kiese Laymon The Empathy Exams, by Leslie Jamison The Boys of My Youth, by Jo Ann Beard Bad Feminist, by Roxane Gay A Supposedly Fun Thing Ill Never Do Again, by David Foster Wallace Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Gender, Gender And Gender Roles - 844 Words

Society has institutionalized gender roles since the beginning of time, a common one is that women are the nurturers and housekeepers, while men are the breadwinners of household. In spite of centuries, and fighting for women s rights, such as the right to vote in the late 1920s. Women still have roles to fulfill, even in a modern society that is dominated by a virtual world. Gender identification has multiplied from that of men and women, to Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer (LGBTQ).. Nonetheless, we still have particular roles even for women in gay virtual communities. Education and gender are significant in dictating the participation as well as limitations of women in social media. They demonstrate that gender roles are persistent even in social media, but most importantly, that women are the primary object of societal values. Virtual communities mimic traditional social interactions in regards to the social construction of gender identification. These virtual communi ties become another place where one individual find themselves representing the stereotype of their gender identity as opposed to representing themselves, fighting to alter or modify their virtual interactions to expected norms. Researcher Shaw explores how gender identification is significant even in a space where you do not have to label your gender identity according to societal norms, because a new gender identity is constructed within the community (Shaw, 2012). The majority of the peopleShow MoreRelatedGender, Gender And Gender Roles1437 Words   |  6 Pages Gender roles play an important role in society whether it is for good or for bad. These roles have been placed in society since the beginning of time. The term gender is socially created and it therefore categorizes men from women. How is gender defined, and what makes it different from the term sex? â€Å"†¦sex refers to the biological characteristics that distinguish women and men: sex chromosomes, reproductive o rgans, sex-specific hormones, and physical characteristics†¦Gender†¦ refers to the socialRead MoreGender Roles : Gender And Gender1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween gender and sex. Sex is anatomical and biological. Gender role can be defined as a person’s inner sense of how a male or female should feel and behave. Culture and society are two important factors in relation to this particular topic. This implies that various societies and cultures may produce children and later fully grown men and women who may have diverse perspectives of a man or a woman’s place or role in the world around them; this is often determined by their culture’s gender stereotypesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1110 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve gender is only based on being male or female. People believe gender is based on the physical and biological differences between women and men. Over the last few years, the term gender has changed. When some people believe gende r is being male or female. Most people associate gender with gender roles and how people are supposed to function or perform based on society’s expectations. In other words, people believe males and females have to behave according to their gender or gender roles to beRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles863 Words   |  4 PagesGender can sometimes be seen as biological characteristics humans have, when in fact it is the social characteristic ones society deems either masculine or feminine. Sex, on the other hand, is the biological differences in humans, for example, hormones and sex organs. People usually play gender roles in society, otherwise known as gender ideology. Gender ideology is when men and women have certain attitudes regarding their ‘fixed’ roles, responsibilities and rights. Throughout history men and womenRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1225 Words   |  5 Pagesoptions related to gender conduct. Male gender roles are instilled early on in childhood. As men meet these unwritten expectations they acquire acceptance from other men, attain potential mates, increase self-esteem and increase social status. This in part is called the socialization process. These benefits reinforce men to continue with this as their standard. What are these unwritten rules that are nurtured and taught so crucially by family and friends? Traditional gender roles are what determineRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles Essay1823 Words   |  8 Pagesclearly determined line from both involving parties reveals to us the ancient war of genders. A society which has overcome many social indifferences yet gender roles is a highly controversial and complicated topic. It seems this generation is caught in the crossfire of the final frontier of this ancient war. An increase in fundamental changes in gender roles is resulting in manipulating society and altering gender boundaries; females are breaking out of traditional restraints. As with al l changesRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles2086 Words   |  9 PagesGender refers to being male or female. It is usually used to determine the cultural and social difference between men and women. Gender roles are expectations of how males and females should behave, what attitudes they should have, what activities they should do and etc. according to their culture (Witt, 2016). Years ago, males and females had specific roles that separated them from each other. Males were known to go hunting to provide food for the family, and females were to stay at home andRead MoreGender, Gender And Gender Roles1829 Words   |  8 PagesGender socialization often begins early once parents are shown the sex of their child; from then on, baby showers are planned according to gender â€Å"appropriate† colors, which are often pink for girls and blue for boys. Even differences in how children are spoke to can be picked up easily in Western cultures. Girls are called pretty and swe et, whereas boys are handsome and strong. Ultimately, the way children learn to identify with their gender culture is in part due to not only family and friendsRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role844 Words   |  4 PagesGender Roles can be defined as roles society expects people to play on account of their sex life. Like all roles, gender roles are made up of sets of expectations, so they can be thought of as sets of expirations, so they can be thought of as sets of expectation that are attached to sex.(pp: 220 John E. Farley Michael W. Flota). The key word gender role affects me personally because as recent graduate of high school it’s time for me to go into the real world, of working class gender role of theRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Role Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagessession, I will discuss the gender roles in my family. The definition of gender role is the degree to which a person adopts the gender-specific behaviors ascribed by his or her culture (Matsumoto, D. R., Juang 2013, 156). For example, traditional gender roles recommend that males are aggressive, angry, and unemotional. It goes further and explains that the male should leave the home every day to make a living and be the main wage earner. The traditional gender role for the female purpose is to

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Ruskin Bond Free Essays

Religious Strain in the story Angry River By Abha Sirohi Research Scholar, A. K. P. We will write a custom essay sample on Ruskin Bond or any similar topic only for you Order Now G. College, Hapur (Ghaziabad) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Ruskin Bond attempts to analyze human psychology in his short stories; He deals with the elemental and impulsive life of man. He tells the stories objectively and beyond all these things his stories shows goodness of man’s heart and his faith in the Supreme power. He has innate power to produce the influence of one’s emotions, sounds and sights that thrills the senses of other man; it is due to his profound faith in God. As a writer he has put goodness of man and dignity of human self above all considerations this is the reason sometimes our heart is filled with pleasure and a sense of spiritual satisfaction. Ruskin Bond is a writer of children and when we talk about children a sense of innocence creeps over our mind. The bent of mind of the author takes it in a religious way; he wants to show us innocence of nature, the basic decencies of God. God creates and nourishes us with innocence without any partiality, in return He needs only our dedication, but most of the times we ignore this fact due to our business, our careless attitude:- â€Å"in worrying about own distress, they had forgotten about the island, in the middle of the river. The river was very angry now, rampaging down from the hills and thundering across the plains†¦ 165 Ruskin Bonds children stories are very famous in all over world. Some of his popular stories are Blue Umbrella, Untouchable, Panther’s Moon, Time Stops at Shamli and Angry River. The story Angry River portrays the work of nature. How nature affects our lives? What He (God, the Supreme power) wants from us? How should we treat and preserve the nature. The story is a pathetic description of a family of remote area, where no one can imagine about survival. The Angry River is the story of a girl Sita who lives with her grandparents on a lonely island in the middle of a river. The story illustrates the life in the lap of nature, which is a symbol of simplicity and naturality. Bond has narrated the opening lines of the story in a very beautiful way:- â€Å"In the middle of the river, the river that began in the mountains of the Himalayas and ended in the bay Bengal there was a small How to cite Ruskin Bond, Essay examples

Former Yugoslavia Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Former Yugoslavia Essay, Research Paper : The Former Yugoslavia # 8220 ; # 8230 ; 79 this is 72 # 8230 ; .72A has merely exploded # 8230 ; ..They merely disapeared. They must hold hit a mine. I think they # 8217 ; re all dead # 8230 ; # 8230 ; # 8221 ; On the 15th of the September 1992 Sgt. James Davis # 8217 ; armoured personel bearer struck a TMA-3 anti-tank mine, although his companions had thought them dead, they both survived the ordeal with small or no hurt. The following twenty-four hours a Combat Engineer by the name of Sgt. Mike Ralph was killed on the same route while uncluttering the route for mines by another anti-tank mine, laid by one of the opposing cabals to destruct there enemy # 8217 ; s vehicle # 8217 ; s. Sgt. Mike Ralph left behind his married woman, and two girls. This narrative has been told infinite times in the former Yugoslavia, non merely by Cannadians, but by the Gallic, British, Nepalease, and tonss of other states who committed thmselves to stoping the acrimonious combat in the former Yugoslavia. The battle for independency by assorted cultural and spiritual cabals has gone on in wha Ti now known as the former Yugoslavia, since the early nineteenth century ; contending to derive control of the Balkan province has gone on since the late thirteenth century. For over 700 old ages at that place have been big scale struggles faught in the former Yugoslavia. ( Communist province ) There is now a big conjunct attempt to stop the centuries of contending by the International community. The root of the job in the Balkanss is the length of service of the issue and centuries of ethinic and spiritual hatred that have been passed along from genreation, to coevals. Is it truly possible for the internaional community to squelch this hatred? Sober 2nd ideas suggest that the type of peace imposed on the Balkans by the Dayton Accord continues to fuel these fires of discontent. This political agremant was rapidly crafted in the waning yearss of the Clinton Administrations first authorization an d To understand the failings of the current peace agreement it is necessary to analyze the yesteryear in more item. As with manuy complex historical issues the jobs that are in inquiry, root non from recent history, but lie in the seeds of the yesteryear. This is the instance in the former Yugoslavia. One can day of the month back contending in the part back to 1371at the conflict of Maritsa, and the conflict of Kososvo in 1389. Both were critcal conflicts faught by the lifting Ottoman-Turkish imperium, which subdued the so Serbian province. In 1453 Constantinople ( Istanbull ) , fell the Turks this marked the decisive estblishment of their pes clasp in Europe. On two occasions, the new European power laid seige on Veienna. Although they drove that far north at that place success against the Austrians, and Hungarians was ineffectual, in big portion to a big military frontier, populated chiefly by Serbs. Those Serbs were largley the same Serbian who had fled from the Turks in the past two centuries. The Hungarians, espeacially had a acute liking to the Serbian, who they gave safety excessively. The Hungarians gave them land, freedom of faith, and the power to elect their ain functionaries. All this came at monetary value, the Serbian willingness to contend the Turks. The favourable conditions produced by the Hungarians produced a big flux of migration from the Serbian population and 1000s left their fatherland. At the same clip most south slavs life under Turkish regulation were forced to change over to the religion of Islam, most times under decease. This is the point were one can get down to see the beginings of the big split in the Baltic province. In the early nineteenth century the subjugated Serbs statred two rebellions against the declining Ottoman-Turkish power, in 1805, and 1815. By 1850 there was one time once more a Serbian regulation, and in 1878 Serbia recieved International acknowledgment. The south slavs being politically concious, because of foreign regulation, became cognizant of the new Serbian ego regulation. As a consequence many Slavs visited the new prov ince. This visitants discovered that they spoke a cousin linguistic communication, really similar to serbo-croation which was spoken in Serbia. Next they they discovered they were Christian, they themselves being chiefly, Roman Catholic, and many Islamic. Among all the salvs there was a strong sense of subjection which was a uniting power. These similarities were besides seen by the two powers at the clip ( Austria-Hungary, Ottoman-Turkey ) . At this clip the two powers sowed the seeds of misgiving in to the southern Slav who the craving for independency that Serbia had. This was directed chiefly at Serbia whom both imperiums feared. At the same clip the so immature and delicate Serbian province realized that big populations of Serbians and other Slav were populating non in the province of Serbia but chiefly abroad. They besides realized in order to strenghten themselves. In 1844 the Serbs created a foreign polocy papers known as the # 8220 ; outline # 8221 ; which was a call to unify al the neighbor of Serbia, into one united state. This program neer materialised officially, but was in the dorsum of the heads of many Serbians, and ambitious Southern Slav. By the terminal of the century Serbia thought they would come to recognize they # 8217 ; re dream of entire regulation of all Serbians. Towards the terminal of th e nineteenth century the big group of southern Slav began to divide into three major groups. The Croation, Muslim, and of harsh Serbain groups of people. These three groups all had there ain thoughts of what a incorporate state should be. This made the occupation of fusion three times more hard. The ends of Serbia were brave, and valiant, but they were to neer succeed.. They were neer meant to win, because Austria and Hungary, wanted the whole Balkan part to themselevs. Austria, and Hungary wanted control of the part, in order to accompolish this, they gave themselves the right to annex the part of Bosnia and Herzogoniva into a new state. The Alliance was so acute on this because it drove a cuneus, between the strong Serb country of Montenegro, and Serbia. In the long tally the Alliance could easy take the whole part. Although there were subtule diffrences between the native enhabitants such as Language, faith, and ethnicity, the difrences were onlyminimal, and because of the seeds of misgiving which were sowed earleir these diffrences began to turn into a little bush. On the 28th of June 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand was asaisinated by a Bosnian-Serb pupil. The Archduke was the Aire to the throne of the double monarchy of Austria-Hungary. He was on a province visit, to the Austrian district of Bosnia-Herzogvina. Austria and Hungary immediatley sent an ultimatum to to Belgrade, that they must give Austria the power to look into the assasination, and prosecute any Serb citizen. Serbia agreed, out of a feeling of compunction. Austria found thta there had been no secret plan to assasinate the Archduke, and the action was purely a one individual attempt. Merely weks before the Assasination Austria had asked for the support of Germany in a premempive work stoppage on Serbia. The Austrian authorities argued to the German governemnt thta it was needed for Serbias ain redemption. Germany agreed and would back up any move made by Austria, and Hungary. The Serbian Prime Minister Pasic, realized that Austria was traveling to occupy finally, and went the Russian Tsar pleading for protection. Russia agreed, and became Serbias new ally. On July 28th of July 1914 merely one month after the assasination of the Archduke Ferdinad Austria declared war on Serbia. Austria nevertheless did non inform Belrin of their roseola determination, Berlin did non wnat to continue this manner, but they so besides declared war on Serbia.The remainder of coarse is history, Britian of harsh feeling tied to Russia, supported them, and therefore the First World war began, all over Austrias greed over Serbia. When Austria invaded, the native population faught back, and ressited until 1915. In 1915 Germany committed military personnels to the part, and Serbia fell. After the war with the licking of Germany, and Austria, the Slavs could one time once more seek to organize a united state. Great Britian mediated the negotiations between the different cabals in the part, Serbian, Croatian, Slovevian, Montenegran, and Macedonain. The go-between found that the Serbs merely wanted control of everyhting, espeacially other Serbs, and if the Croats, wanted to fall in voluntarilly that was merely all right, because it meant a larger imperium. The Croats did non see things the same, because if they were under Serb regulation they would one time once more be under foreign regulation, non at that place ain. With all this said and done it was still in the best interst of the Croats, and Slovenes to subscribe on, it gave them the best opportunity of self rule.On October 29 1918 it was announced thata province would be created named the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. In February 1919 the province gained international acknowledgment from the United States of America.It rapidly became clear that the Kingdom was existed chiefly for Serbs, and non for the Croats, and Slovevenes. Every thing signifier foreign polocy, to the running of local polices was run by the Serbs.The Croats come ining the province believing they would be granted place regulatio n, had none.In 1928 pandemonium broke lose in the national parlimant, when two Croatian politicians were shot dead. King PeterI immediatley closed parliament, and took dicatorial power of the province. In 1929 the name of the province was changed to Yugoslavia ( province of south Slav ) this was one to give the people the thought of non being Serbian, Muslim, or Slovenian, but being Yugoslavian.A new ploiticla party was formed called the Yugoslav National party. The efforts to run the deffernet groups failed, and afterthe cloud settled Serbs considered themselves Serbs, and Croats considerd themselves Croats. By the mid 1930’s attempsts were being made to setttle the competition between the Serbs, and the Croats. In August 1939 the State of Croatia was put on the map/ . This move by the states leader, infuruated the Serb population. Before anyhting else could be donethe Second World War began, and all hopes of settling the fuming competitions died. In April 1941, the monolithic German war machine rolled into the Balkans, and took the part in deciesive two hebdomads, get the better ofing any headlong opposition, with ease.This marked the beginings of one of the states darkest hours. The Nazi party installed puppet authoritiess into Croatia, and Serbia. The germans choose anybody who would follow their orders, this resulted in the rise of fiends, who would make anyhting for power.In Croatia a fascist authorities was put into topographic point named the Ustatsa. The Ustasa went on a fling of Killing. The Croatian authorities persecuted and killed over a one-fourth of a million Serbs.As in any military business opposition groups, began to come up. There were two chief guerrilla groups one the Chetniks, made up of chiefly Serbs whose end was re-establish the Serbian royal household, of which all fled abroad, and a new Serbian province. The other group were the Partisans, who were made up of largely Serbs, and non-serbs. The partisna s were organised, by their leader, a Communist by the name of Josep Broz Tito. Tito being a member of the comunist party, in Yugoslavia, nourished it, from a twosome of twelve nines, with low rank, to a party with over 10,000 members. With this experiance in head he raised an ground forces of good over 150,000 opposition combatants, in 15 months. As a surprise the Chetniks did non to the full prosecute the German forces, this was in big portion the German reprisal method all over its occupied teeritory, from France, to Norway. The order issued stated that for every German soldier killed by the locla population, one-hundred citizens would be killed. This order dettered the Chetniks from prosecuting the Germans. The Partisans had their ain philosophy. They believed the violent death of the locla population would merely swell their ranks. This philosophy besides included a limited war agianst the Ustasa authorities, and the puppet authorities in Belgrade. Toward the terminal of the war Tito # 8217 ; s forces were chiefly contending a civil war, non a war of resietance. Tito # 8217 ; s injenuity set him up as the following leader of the part, and this was his end from the clip he joined the Communist party. In October 1945 A joint Soviet, partizan force liberated the Belgrade. The Sopviets left it up to the zealots to wipe up up the staying German forces. After the war came the most drastic political swing he part had of all time exerianced. In March 1945 tehallies compelled the royal household to name Tito as leader. This was done, and immeaditley Yugoslavia was a communist province with absolute dictatorial power given to Tito.Tito was an supporter of the so powerful Soviet Union. Tito realized as Stalin did that industrialism was needed in order to equalise the spread between the peasentry, and the blue blood. Tito formulated a five twelvemonth program similar to that of the Soviet Union. This program included industrialising the states of Bosnai and Herzgovi na, Macedonia, and Montenegro. This program was done in big portion to modernize Yugosl ; avia, but besides to equalize the Yugoslav economic system. Joseph Stalin became progressively irritated by Tio # 8217 ; s actions. He wantred Yugoslavia to go a grain farm for the Soviet Union. In 1948 Yugoslavia was expelled from the Soviet Union, and left to stagger. Tito, was a leader an had great aspirations for his kinsmen. After Yugoslavias expelltion from the brotherhood Tito went to the West for aid. The West gave him loans, new trade allainces, and armaments. With the loans, and new trade Tito could construct the state of his dreams. The province of Yugoslavia was dream. The econmy was subsidised by monolithic international loans, the rising prices rate was ever lifting, and unemployment, was rampent. Tito hoped that the new prosperity would quiet the Waterss of the yesteryear. He invisioned that Serbs, Croats, Macedonia would believe themselevs non by their ethnicity, but as consumers. During the 1970 # 8217 ; s Yugoslavias econmy baegan to hesitation. In Tito # 8217 ; s great equalised Yugoslavia, Croats, and Slovenes earned twice the rewards of a Serb, and three times every bit much as a Macedonian, and Montenegran. The Slovenenians, and Croats became resentfull of the fact that they had to back up the poorer South. The Serbs, and other Slavs felt they desreved more from the rich Croats, and Slovenes. Tito # 8217 ; s thought, and aspiration had failed like so many others in the part had before. Half manner through the decennary on calls of renewed nationilism by Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and montenegrans, Ti to reorganized the province into six republoics. This move merely widened the divisions in the part, every democracy had bitterness toward one another. After the decease of Tito, in 1980 the state of affairs in the part went from bad to worse. During the 1980 # 8217 ; s Europe, experianced an economic revival, and their economic systems grew. Yugoslavia on the other manus neer felt this, and went further into debt. To deviate the incrimination most Yugoslavian politicians brgan to convert their several peoples that the other groups were at mistake. Serbians blamed Albanians, Croatians blamed Muslims etc. One such politicain was Slobodan Milosevic. He was president of Serbia, and he was in kernel a fright mongar and propoganda maghine. He told the Serbian people that the Croatia was be aftering a war of race murder against them, and that Albania was gouing to occupy the state of Kosovo. The divisions, in Yugoslavia went from the size of a brook, to the size of the Atlantic, overnigh t. After the crumbel of the Berlin wall in 1989, the pot of H2O which is yugoslavia boiled over. In 1990 the Communist party disloved, and the politicaly the state split. Croatia, and Slovenia decided to travel in their ain way. In 1991 Croatia, and slovevia held a referendums to make up ones mind wether they should each signifier independant provinces. Each democracy did and broke off from Yugoslavia. Bsonia-herzcegovina followed suite in 1992. Serbia and Monetnegro stayed in Yugoslavia, and claimed that what Croatia, slovenai, and Bosnia had commited was illegal. At the bosom of the issue was that 10 per centum of Croatia population was Serbian. In June 1991 under the authorization of Yugoslavia the Yugoslav ground forces was sent into Kraijina, and had control of it by January 1992. At that point, a cease fire was signed. In the wake 30 per centum of Croatia was left to the Serbs. In 1992 when Bosnia- Herzcegovina seperated from the Serbian democracy seris was outraged. Bosnia as Croatia had a big Serb populatuion, and therfore must belong to Serbia. Croatia to do this statement. As a consequence both ground forcess entered Bosnia, on the preminishen of gainig more district. Serbia wanted alink to the sea, and Kraijina, and Croatia wanted to derive what it had lost tohe Serbian in Kraijina. Caught in the center was the Muslim population Bosnia, which fiaght to keep their land. Each cabal committed horendous atrociousnesss, cultural cleaning was rampent, and was non committed merely by the Serbs as the media has shown, but besides by Croatians, and Muslims. The struggle grew and grew, until the international community said # 8220 ; Stop # 8221 ; . In August 1991 the United Nations secutriy council passed a declaration, naming for a force to come in the enbattled part, and divide the warring cabals. The force was to neglect from the begining for three chief grounds. The first was that they entered the part presuming that the boundries of Tito # 8217 ; s yugoslvia were adequete, and sustainable. This was non true, because in Bosnia, and Croatia there was a big Serb populations. So when UNPROFOR ( United Nations Protection Force ) , entered the part they were supporting the incorrect boundary lines, and seperating the people at the incorrect boundary lines. Second UNPROFOR had no right to interceede in the struggle, unless their personell or equipment was at hazard, and even if they did if they would assail one side the other would go resentfull to the U.N. therefore spread outing the job. Third the force sent was outnumbered, and out gunned. In 1991 there was no Artillery available for the defense mechanism of U.N. soldiers, th eir were no choppers for Medical emptying, and the U.N. possessed no heavy Armour ( Main Battle Tanks ) . The force was merely aglorified constabularies force with lightly armoured APC # 8217 ; s. This set the phase for catastrophe, small to nil was acomplished, except losing the lives of our soldiers. Most Aid convoys, were sacked and the nutrient was used to feed soldiers. In 1995

Tax Avoidance Legal and Illegal Ways

The Experts Guide to the AP Human Geography Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Human Geography Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP Human Geography is an investigation of how the human species has populated the earth and developed different cultures, political systems, and means of production. This is a subject that can be a little hard to pin down because it represents an intersection of lots of different types of information. How does the College Board test such a wide range of topics? Continue reading to gain a better understanding of the lay of the land (so to speak) on the AP Human Geography exam! How Is the AP Human Geography Exam Structured? There are two sections of the AP Human Geography test: multiple choice and free response. The multiple-choice section is: 75 questions One hour long Scored based on the number of questions you answer correctly (no points deducted for incorrect answers) On this section, you’ll be expected to: Consider maps and spatial data Show a strong understanding of how the world looks from a spatial perspective Interpret patterns and processes at different scales Understand different regions Characterize and analyze changing interactions among different places The free-response section is: Three questions One hour 15 minutes long On this section, you’ll be expected to: Interrelate different topic areas and to analyze and evaluate geographical concepts. Answer questions based on stimulus material such as verbal descriptions, maps, graphs, photographs, and diagrams Demonstrate both analytical and organizational skills in your writing The AP Human Geography test is two hours and 15 minutes long in total, and this year it’s offered on Tuesday, May 5th at 12 PM. It will be a spoooooky scaaaary AP test. AP Human Geography Topics AP Human Geography covers the following seven topic areas, which you’re expected to be able to link together conceptually on the test.These topics are connected to subtopics that the College Board labels â€Å"Enduring Understandings† (listed below each main heading) that you’re expected to master by the time you take the exam. Topic #1: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives Geography looks at the world from a spatial perspective. Geography offers a set of concepts, skills, and tools that facilitate critical thinking and problem solving. Geographical skills provide a foundation for analyzing world patterns and practices. Geospatial technologies increase the capability for gathering and analyzing geographic information with applications to everyday life. Field experiences are important ways of gathering geographic information. Topic #2: Population Knowledge of the geographic patterns and characteristics of human populations facilitates understanding of cultural, political, economic, and urban systems. Populations grow and decline over time and space. Causes and consequences of migration are influenced by cultural, demographic, economic, environmental, and political factors. Topic #3: Cultural Patterns and Processes Concepts of culture frame the shared behaviors of a society. Culture varies by region. Topic #4: Political Organization of Space The contemporary political map has been shaped by events of the past. Spatial political patterns reflect ideas of territoriality and power at a variety of scales. The forces of globalization challenge contemporary political-territorial arrangements. Topic #5: Agricultural and Rural Land Use The development of agriculture led to widespread alteration of the natural environment. Major agricultural regions reflect physical geography and economic forces. Settlement patterns and rural land use are reflected in the cultural landscape. Changes in food production and consumption present challenges and opportunities. Topic #6: Industrialization and Economic Development The diffusion of the Industrial Revolution facilitated improvements in standards of living. Measures of development are used to understand patterns of social and economic differences at a variety of scales. Development is a process that varies across space and time. Sustainable development is a strategy to address resource depletion and environmental degradation. Topic #7: Cities and Urban Land Use The form, function, and size of urban settlements are constantly changing. Models help us to understand the distribution and size of cities. Models of internal city structure and urban development provide a framework for urban analysis. Built landscapes and social space reflect the attitudes and values of a population. Urban areas face economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental challenges. Overall, the course revolves around a thematic understanding of the human cultural landscape and patterns of global development.It deals with how human interactions and demographics are shaped by location and environment. Learning objectives you’re expected to master before the exam include: Read sophisticated texts and academic writings. Write well-constructed essays and research papers. Think critically by synthesizing a variety of perspectives and information from different sources. Discuss controversial issues effectively. Analyze geospatial data. Present fieldwork and research in visual and oral formats. Work with other students to analyze real-world issues. For more details on the curriculum, take a look at the full course description. World Regions for AP Human Geography Here are maps of world regions that you’ll be examining across all the topic areas in the course. These maps are important because you need to know exactly where different cultural, political, and demographic developments have occurred. Understanding the relative locations of different regions can help you to grasp their places in the grand scheme of the human geographic landscape. The first map is a broad survey of all the world regions, while the second gets into more specific labels: AP Human Geography Sample Exam Questions This section will give an example of a real AP question from each section of the test. I'll go over explanations of the correct answers and the ways in which points were awarded. Multiple Choice For this question, we have to figure out which of the choices is impacted by an intersection of all three factors.Which aspects of human society are strongly connected to environmental laws, labor availability, and access to markets? It appears that this must be something related to the production of goods because both labor availability and access to markets are important for that, and environmental laws have an impact as well. Choice A can be eliminated because these factors together don’t point to an impact on political affiliation. Political affiliation isn’t directly related to industrial opportunities. Choice B is more ambiguous. It’s directly related to the economy which is what the three factors would potentially impact.However, all the factors are happening on the ground level, not in direct relation to a country’s GDP. This answer doesn’t quite fit. Choice C is definitely incorrect. It seems like an irrelevant answer because property tax rates aren’t necessarily directly affected by any of these factors. Choice D looks promising.Companies choose manufacturing locations based on lack of environmental restrictions on production, labor availability, and ability to easily transport products to markets. Choice E isn’t right because transportation costs are not necessarily impacted by these factors, especially not as directly as manufacturing locations. The correct answer is D! This question could be answered through logical thinking and a basic understanding of the reasons for economic developments.You might know that many US businesses have moved manufacturing plants overseas in recent years because of the cheapness/availability of labor, lack of strict environmental laws, and increased ability to transport goods cheaply across long distances to their largest markets.Other multiple-choice questions on this exam may ask you to identify an example of a concept or read data expressed by maps or geographic models.They also ask about particular locations, so you should know the characteristics of global regions regarding population density, economic climate, and cultural landscape. Free Response This question is from the 2015 exam and was worth eight points total. For part A, you just need to define a term.This is the suggested definition provided by the scoring guidelines: A person who flees, is displaced, or is forced to leave his or her home country. If you said something along those lines, you would get the first point. For part B, you could earn up to three points, one for each description of a valid reason for refugees to leave their countries of origin. Example of a political reason: They were forcibly evicted by the government or the military in their home country. Example of a social reason: Their rights or opportunities were denied based on gender or sexuality. Example of an environmental reason: Their home country was experiencing food insecurity or famine. For part C, you could earn two points, one for the identification of a reason why refugees left one of the countries in the chart, and one for an explanation of that reason.If you chose Somalia, for example, you could say a reason for refugees leaving the country was widespread religious, ethnic, and gender persecution.The explanation behind this would be that Militant Wahhabis persecuted other Sunnis, Animists, and Christians; there were major conflicts based on tribal differences; and rights and opportunities were denied to many people based on their genders or sexualities. For the final two points on part D, you're asked to provide explanations of the economic impact of refugees on a receiving country.These could be positive or negative. Examples include: Additions to the low-wage labor pool Increased demand for goods and services that could result in price increases Refugees may provide added skills and knowledge to the receiving country For more information on the scoring of this question, see this document. Haven't these poor people been through enough? How Is the AP Human Geography Exam Scored? You'll get one point for each multiple choice question you answer correctly. There are no point deductionsfor incorrect answers, so fill in every bubble! Onfree-response questions, points are allotted for answering each part of the question thoroughly.The number of points possible for each question varies slightly from year to year.Maximum scores on free-response questions range from 6 to 10 points.Each free-response question will have an equal bearing on your score regardless of how many points it is worth. Multiple choice and free response are each worth 50 percent of your score.Your free-response score is scaled in accordance with this and added to your multiple-choice score to arrive at a scaled score that is then converted to a score on the 1-5 AP scale.Here’s a link to the score distributions for 2015. Study Tips for the AP Human Geography Test As you get started preparing for this exam, here are a few pointers to keep in mind! Tip #1: Make Flashcards Much of the AP Human Geography exam deals with key terms covered by the course.Two out of the three free-response questions in 2015 asked students to define a term to earn the first point in part A, and the subsequent parts of those questions were dependent on a strong understanding of that term and its implications. Multiple-choice also includes many questions that ask you to identify an example of a certain concept defined by a phrase unique to the field of human geography.Your score is dependent on your knowledge of this field-specific terminology, so you should make a set of flashcards of the terms you learned over the course of the year.Go over them until you feel confident that you understand all the definitions well enough to think of real world examples.If it helps, you can include a couple of examples on the back of each flashcard along with the definition! Tip #2: Know Geographic Models (and Practice Reading Them) There are several geographic models that are important to understand if you hope to successfully interpret data in human geography.Make sure you're familiar with all of them and can read them easily. Sometimes, the test will present you with questions about identifying different types of models or ask you to comment on data sets. Tip #3: Take Official Practice Exams There’s no better form of practice than official AP test questions which is why you shouldtake a practice exam to start off your studying. This will allow you to predict your scores on the real test and make an informed decision about how much more you need to study to reach your goals.You might find you have trouble on certain types of questions that you didn’t expect to be a problem. A careful analysis of yourmistakes on practice tests will help to ensure that you only revisit content that has the potential to trip you up on the exam (rather than trying to reread your entire textbook). Tip #4: Review Regions (and Connect Them to Key Terms) A problem that some students have on this AP exam is citing incorrect geographic regions in their responses.It’s important to know the names of the different regions of the world and the economic, political, and cultural climates that have evolved over time.Be able to identify the regions on the maps included earlier in this article, and think about their individual statuses in connection to each of the main topics of the course. Keep a map of the world's regions in your metaphorical back pocket. Emphasis on metaphorical. Conclusion The AP Human Geography exam is structured in a similar way to other AP tests. It's on the shorter side, coming in at just two hours and 15 minutes, but it has both multiple-choice and free-response sections, and its questions require a wide range of skills and content knowledge. The seven major topic areas you'll encounter on the test are: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives Population Cultural Patterns and Processes Political Organization of Space Agricultural and Rural Land Use Industrialization and Economic Development Cities and Urban Land Use Some study tips to remember for this examinclude: Make Flashcards Know the Geographic Models Take Official Practice Exams Review Regions Make sure you block out enough study time before the exam to take practice tests, review all of your mistakes thoroughly, and revisit key concepts! What's Next? Should you include AP Human Geography in your schedule? What about other AP classes? Read this expert guide to find out which AP classes you should take in high school. Everyone wants to get 5s on their AP exams, but how important is that perfect score in the long run? Learn more about what it means to earn a 5 on an AP exam and whether this is a smart goal for you. If you're applying to super competitive colleges, you might plan on taking SAT Subject Tests. Check out this article for information on the differences between Subject Tests and AP tests. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Importance of the Physician in the Generic and Trade-name Article

The Importance of the Physician in the Generic and Trade-name Prescription Decision - Article Example The time frame and period analyzed in the whole article ranges between 1984 and 1996. This is evident during the introduction of generics in 1984, when all firms that wanted to market, a post-patent expiration generic had to show the efficacy and safety of the drug through tests to the Food and Drug Administration. In the course of time, the Congress implemented the permissive substitution laws in an effort to encourage the use of generic drugs. In addition, the research shows that in 1996, information from IMS America Inc. showed that managed care payments such as private managed care as HMOS AND Medicaid HMOs amounted for over 505 of dollar revenues for pharmaceutical retail sales (Hellerstein, 109). The data sources used in the analysis involve information from a survey of physicians, their patients, and drugs prescribed. In this case, physicians use patient by patient basis to test whether physicians prescribe generics to patients who are not covered by insurance and the effects of state legislation on generic prescription (Hellerstein, 109). The main findings of the whole research show that physicians are important agents in prescription decisions. Therefore, identifying the sources of heterogeneity in behavior across physicians is an integral factor of understanding how the markets for prescription drugs operate. Individuals learn how physicians behavior whenever they have different information and incentives in the areas of specialization. The new information learned from the article indicates that changes are still occurring among physicians through the continued growth of managed care due to increase in market share of generic drugs. At the same time, there probabilities that emphasis on cost containment in Health Maintenance Organizations may cause price differential between a trade name and generic drugs since there are existing negotiations with manufacturers on price discounts.

Research for nursing practice - Pre operative fasting Literature review

Research for nursing practice - Pre operative fasting - Literature review Example The pathophysiological basis of the aspiration pneumonia was the aspiration of acidic stomach contents into the lungs and the consequent harmful damage to the lung tissues known as chemical pneumonia. As the years went by, the innovative techniques of anaesthesia including the endotracheal intubation led to rethinking on the duration of fasting times. Frequent discussion and research led to the Guidelines from the Royal College of Anaesthetists, the Royal College of Nurses and the Anaesthetists of the US: they stipulated specific periods for fasting for worldwide use (AAGBI, 2001; RCN, 2005; ASA Practice guidelines, 1999). The guidelines sanctioned the shortening of the pre-operative fasting durations but the message was not taken in the right spirit by the nurses and the patients did not enjoy the benefit. The nurses were the ones who instructed the patients about the fasting. Promotion of evidence-based fasting times was to be enforced by them (Crenshaw, 2008). They also had to mon itor the patient’s compliance. The scientific evidence related to the liberalized fasting times were to be initially understood by the nurses themselves before efficacious implementation. Research indicated many fallacies in the system whereby fasting practices were still not conforming to the guidelines. Medication instructions also were not accurately transferred to patients (Crenshaw, 2008). Recent researches were moving away from the strict fasting regimen to a partial fasting method whereby a carbohydrate drink or oral carbohydrate nutrients were administered to improve the outcomes of surgery. The nurses were the ones who actually conveyed the right information about the fasting to the patients. The role of the nurses also involved the promoting of evidenced-based guidelines apart from monitoring the patients to check for compliance and untoward effects (Crenshaw and Winslow, 2006).This paper will be written with the intention of unearthing evidence suitable to provide more alterations in the implementation of pre-operative fasting or partial fasting to conform to the evidence-based guidelines. The aim of this research will be to search for methods that could ensure that the elective surgery patients had the benefit of shorter pre-operative fasting times as per guidelines and the improved outcomes of having the pre-carbohydrate drink and how the nurses were to be encouraged to conscientiously perform their work where the pre-operative fasting was concerned. Review of RCTs Brady et al (2003) studied 22 randomised control trials or quasi RCTs. Healthy patients were included as the controls. Permitted intake of food was a small breakfast in the morning before surgery posted for the afternoon. Liquid intake was limited to not more than 30 ml. to help swallow medicine. Methodological quality was maintained by the randomisation method. â€Å"Allocation concealment, blinding, a prior sample size calculation, and whether analysis was by intention to trea t† were additional methods of maintaining quality (Brady et al, 2003). Regurgitation and aspiration were complications just after the surgery and death was a possibility in many trials. The review of the research articles revealed some limitations. The RCTs were mostly small sampled trials with less than 100 patients. The quality of methodology was inadequate in some trials. The variety in the populations too was minimal and the samples were

Quality In Higher Education In India

Quality In Higher Education In India Just as water needs the wind to create waves of change so does every individual need a helping hand to achieve the impossible and education is that helping hand which can guide the individuals as well as the nations to the path of progress and success in this rapidly changing world. Primary education prepares a base for the whole education but higher education provides the cutting edge and the specialized skills required to move ahead. Higher education is the peak of the educational journey of any individual and it aims to contribute to the development and improvement of the society as a whole in a sustainable manner. Higher education should be able to meet the needs of all sectors of human activity. The World Bank and UNESCO report (2000) rightly presents a powerful message that higher education is no longer a luxury. It is essential for survival. So we are interested in higher education because we are interested in our survival. So, the importance of quality higher education is imm ense. But, Indian higher education does not stand anywhere among the world higher education in terms of quality and it is a matter of great concern for all the stakeholders of education i.e. students, teachers, institutions, society as a whole and policy makers etc. So, the higher education needs a total transformation to achieve the qualitative dimension of the higher education according to international standards. Present paper briefly talks about the factors which are influencing the quality of higher education in India and then recommends some of the ways through which the quality can be implemented to the Indian higher education system Key Words: Implement, Quality, Higher Education INTRODUCTION: We are living in an important and epoch- making age. This is an age of accelerated change and the age of unprecedented developments and Education is the tool through which individuals, societies and nations can live, progress and achieve success. Education is an enlightening experience which helps in making a meaning out of the complex realities of life. In India we have always believed that education is a liberating as well as evolutionary force, which enables the individual to rise from mere materiality to superior planes of intellectual and spiritual consciousness. Education is a dialogue between the past, present and future, so that the coming generations receive the accumulated lessons of the heritage and carry it forward. In the last two decades India has made rapid progress in the expansion of higher educational facilities and institutions and at present Indias higher education system is the second largest in the world, after the United States. Indian higher education system has expanded at a fast pace by adding nearly 20,000 colleges and more than 8 million students in a decade from 2000-01 to 2010-11. As of 2011, India has 42 central universities, 275 state universities, 130 deemed universities, 90 private universities, 5 institutions established and functioning under the State Act, and 33 Institutes of National Importance. Other institutions include 33,000 colleges as Government Degree Colleges and Private Degree Colleges, including 1800 exclusive womens colleges, functioning under these universities and institutions as reported by the UGC in 2012. Fig. 1, Growth of Higher Education: Universities/Colleges/Students enrolment/Teaching Staff: 1950-51 2010-11 (Source: Higher Education in India at a glance, UGC Brochure 2012) The growth is very impressive in numbers but quality is far behind the existed standards and requirements. And thats why quality of higher education in India is a matter of great apprehension. To stand at par with the developed countries we have to first meet out the challenges in imparting education especially in higher education. Reasons for concern for the quality of Higher Education: The quality in higher education is the biggest need of the hour as our country is progressing towards becoming the educational hub of the world. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh (2007) said that our university system is, in many parts, in a state of disrepairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. In almost half the districts in the country, higher education enrolments are abysmally low, almost two-third of our universities and 90 percent of our colleges are rated as below average on quality parametersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I am concerned that in many states university appointments, including that of vice-chancellors, have been politicized and have become subject to caste and communal considerations; there are complaints of favoritism and corruption. These words reflect the concerns for the quality of higher education in India. The quality of higher education in most of our universities and colleges requires substantial improvements. The following problems are common enough to be a cause for quality concern in highe r education: First, curricula, which have remained almost unchanged for decades, have not kept pace with the times. Second, learning and creativity are at reducing in a system of evaluation that places its focus on memory rather than understanding. Third, the atmosphere is not favorable to anything beyond the classrooms, for it is caught in a 9.30 to 1.30 syndrome. Fourth, the academic calendar is no longer untouchable for classes or for examinations, as there are slippages in schedules so much so that, at several places, classes in the time table are not held and results are often declared with a time delay of 6 to 12 months. Fifth, the infrastructure is not only inadequate but also on the threshold of collapse. Sixth, the importance attached to research has eroded gradually over time. Seventh, the boundaries between disciplines have become dividing walls that constitute barriers to entry for new disciplines. Eight, there is little accountability, because there are no rewards for performance and no penalties for non-performance. Ninth, structures of governance are not responsive to changing times but the system is readily subverted by vested interests. Tenth, teachers are not playing their roles as per the changing needs and requirements. They are unable to prepare students to meet the demands of the digital, technological, interactive, collaborate changing world around us. Quality of teacher education curriculum also needs a transformation according to the present developments and needs. It is not possible here to provide a complete analysis of what are the other minor but relevant concern areas related to the quality of our higher education system. But, above mentioned areas need urgent transformation if India wants to move ahead or along with the world higher education systems. IMPLEMENTING QUALITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION: The following points provide a framework or guideline for improving the quality of higher education in India taking into account the various levels and key factors in education: Both, academic (institutional goals and objectives, curriculum design and review, teaching learning and evaluation, research and publications) and administrative (organization and management, infrastructure facilities, support services, student feedback and counseling and management of financial resources) aspects should be assessed and to be improved to improve the quality of higher education as it will be the first step towards the most needed education. Examination reforms like semester system, credit system are to be exercised to streamline them in a proper manner. As these are brought up from abroad, we should first of all check its feasibility for our organizational climate. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is to be encouraged. Standardized assessment procedures to strengthen the evaluation system. Financial Accountability is more important which means that the fund is to be used for the enhancement of the laboratory and library facilities. Gaps or deficiencies in our educational system are to be bridged to suit our economic, social and cultural requirements. Education is emerging as a service influenced by market operations, and so, it has to meet quality requirements and expectations of stakeholders for its survival. Distance education has a great potential for high productivity and we must take advantage of it in a big way. Curriculum restructuring and innovations and evolvement, conducting training programmes, orientation programmes, refresher courses. Accessibility, accountability and affordability are the major requirements. While the notion of quality was not fully developed, it was recognized that expanding access alone would be insufficient foe education to contribute fully to the development of the individual and society. Need to raise investment in education: education can be the next big area of economic growth in the country. Despite promises by the policy planners to raise investment in education to 6% of GDP, state and central governments together have spent less than 4% of GDP on education. Anything less now would mean further delays in providing quality higher education. Fig. 2, Expenditure on Higher Education in India (As % of GDP) (Source: Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education, MHRD) Promotion of higher education with good governance, management, development and planning is very essential. Education should allow the children to reach their fullest potentials in terms of cognitive, emotional and creative capacities. For this appropriate aims must be described at the higher education level. Need to stop commercialization of education: any initiative to reverse the rapidly deteriorating situation will have necessarily to begin with educational institutions. There is, in fact, plenty that can be done even within the existing pattern of education and academic and professional course content to raise the level of awareness and proficiency of the students, provided the temples of learning and scholarship live up to that description. Teachers need to be the drivers of the qualitative change in the higher education. It would be pertinent to list down the key areas that teachers are capable and need to do to make higher education impactful/meaningful: Fig. 3, what teachers need to do to improve the quality of higher education? Teacher Education: the preparation of teachers for all levels of education is the responsibility of higher education. Therefore it is also necessary to enhance the quality of teacher education within the higher education by adopting new learner centered approaches like constructivism etc. Accountability: the higher education system must provide for accountability vis-à  -vis the outside world and create accountability within the system. We need to create systems that enable students, or their parents, to choose between and assess universities. Information: institutions imparting higher education should be required to place basic information relating to their financial situation, physical assets, accreditation ratings, faculty positions, academic curricula, and so on, in the public domain. This would empower students and parents and can be an important step for maintaining qualitative standards. Thus these are only some of the steps which must be taken towards the qualitative higher education. But, implementing the above guidelines will require support from the management, government, teachers and students as well as the readiness to change as per required changing needs, and then only these guidelines can take a practical form. CONCLUSION: Thus, it can be concluded at the end that quality is a buzz word in todays world of education. It has become an important ideology of education which helps make education more relevant to the needs of the individual and society. Every educational institution must strive to achieve excellence through adopting the highest measures of quality as ongoing basis as fostering quality in higher education is a continuous journey. We all know that education is the key to success as well as a very powerful tool for change. Higher education is the peak time of education of individuals which must be qualitatively strong so that it can guarantee to high employability at good and reputed positions. Improvement in quality of higher education will eventually draw more and more students and problem of low enrolment will get solved. For this higher education curriculum must be relevant so that students can directly link with their routine lives and find it useful to study. Teachers must also change the ir traditional role and be ready for their role as learners first because teachers have a pivotal role to play in the transformation process and the need of the hour is to get things moving and put them in place. What is needed is a vision of quality that goes far beyond mere conformance to standard; we need a passion for quality and continuous improvement, a quest for improvement that is never ending so that our higher education will always be qualitative and as per the needs. REFRENCES: Akhtar, SW (2011): Quality in Higher Education at par with International Standards; University News, 49(52) December 26-01: Delhi. Chaudhary, S. (2011), Problems and prospects of Indian Higher Education in the Age of globalization, University News, vol. 49(23): Delhi. Deka, B. (2000): Higher Education in India; Atlantic Publishers and Distributors: Delhi. Dube, S.C. (1988). Higher Education and Social Change, in A. Singh and G.D. Sharma (Ed.), Higher education in India: The Social Context, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd.: New Delhi. Kurhade, MS (2011): In Quest of Quality Education; University News, 49(32) August 08-14: Delhi. PMs address at the 150th Anniversary Function of University of Mumbai: http://pmindia.nic.in/speech.content.asp?id=555. Premji, Azim (2004): Importance of Quality Education for the Development of the Nation; Legal News Views. Ranganathan, R. Rao, SVL (2011): Reformation of Higher Education in India: Quality Concerns; University News, 49 (10) March 07-13: Delhi. Sehrawat, SS (2012): Quality Assurance in Higher Education; University News, 50 (26) June 25-01 July: Delhi. Saleem, S. Gawali, VS (2011): India needs Quality Education: University News, 49 (06) February 07-13: Delhi. Singh, K.P. Ahmad, S. (2011), Higher Education in India: Major Concerns, University News, vol. 49(29): Delhi. Singh, UK Sudarshan, KN (1996): Quality Education; Discovery Publishing House: New Delhi. UNESCO (2000): Task Force on Higher Education and Society; UNESCO World Bank Report.

Marketing Segmentation Essay

1. Geographical segmentation: The market is divided according to geographic criteria like nation, state, religion, countries etc. Geographic data create accurate profile of specific. For eg: in rainy season sells rainy clothes (like raincoat, umbrella etc) 2. Demographic segmentation: it divide to the market into groups according to variable in age, family, gender, size of family, income of the consumers etc 3. Psychographic segmentation: It is a science which use in better understands all consumers according to their life style, personality, value and social-class. I am doing job in Bajaj Company, after this company has monopolised in almost all field either in the field of manufacturing bikes or bulb, tube light etc. Earlier, the customers were not fond of verities because there were not too many verities in the market and less competitions, but, in present time a huge competition has been taken place that for survive in the market every companies should be update with their products, otherwise rival companies will lead them. If we talk about the bike fashion we see that our youngsters like those bikes which must not be strong in pickup (60 km/h with few minutes) as well as good looking means it looks different from others, besides this, old agers want those bikes which run comfortably that they ride normally, to keep this in their mind all companies like hero Honda release many bikes like Hero stunner, CBZ, Karizma for young generations. While, for old agers they released Slender, Passion, CD dawn etc, in same pattern Yamaha release Yamaha R15 which cost is almost Rs. 15,000 in present time, but give a good look which attract the customers. So, after much research on these companies, Bajaj Company wants to release such bike series which is not only for young as well as senior can use it, so this company manufactured lots of bikes Pulsar and discover series for youngsters which not only good looking but also having that price which every customers can afford and easily buy the products and it also give good mileage than others companies bike, and from the point of view senior, whose ages is 40 years and above, they release Platina with self start facilities which is easy in riding. By all these information I want to describe that Bajaj Company segmented it products in various categories according to customers’ demand that’s why this company is going extremely good and successful in satisfied to consumers. If we talking about bulb, tube lights, this company manufactured the bulbs, CFLs, tube lights which not give perfect light but also take few electricity and go long times. Especially CFLs which cost are high but it work beyond one years and it takes less electricity and give light so much as a 40 watt tube light gives. There are many designs of CFLs has been released in the market which selling is more than bulbs and tube lights. So according to customer’s choice and willing Bajaj Company put down stylish CFLs in the market which attract consumers with its designs but also reduce the electric bill of customers and supplies good light over all houses. So like this the company segmented it electric accessories in various styles, according to customers willing and choice. Marketing Plan Marketing plan is a marketing strategy which involves marketing plans for a firm’s marketing activities. Marketing planning process is process of business planning; in marketing plan all the firm’s keep an eye on all marketing activities as well as competitors and they also come to know the view of the customers about their products like they are satisfied with their products or not, if not, know the reason of disliking and what they want improve in the products etc, because satisfaction of consumers is very important, after all whole marketing processes and successes are depend only upon customers. They are the important part of business. For e. g. if we talking about auto mobile all companies like Hero Honda, Yamaha, Bajaj etc, manufactured ordinary bikes( like Hero Honda released CD 100 later Splendour , Yamaha CX 100 and Bajaj released scooters and later Bajaj Boxer) but, there were some problems and deficiency took place in the bikes like the capacity of the engine was not good that was giving low mileage, pick up was ordinary and ordinary looks etc, after looking and analysing all problems of customers all companies manufactured those bikes which are giving good mileage, capacity of engine is very good and all are stylish as customers wanted. For e. g. :- Bajaj released discover series, pulsar series, Hero Honda released Passion, Passion plus, CBZ, Karizma etc, Yamaha released Yamaha R15 (but it is too costly), TVS manufactured Apache etc. Beside these, all companies also release scooty for college going girls. Because they knew that all ladies can’t ride the bikes that’s why to keep in mind the facilities of girls they produced scooty which is very light with self start facilities, without gears. These products became very popular among the girls, not girls even boy also taking ride of the scooty many times. Like this all companies conduct a SWOT (strengths, weakness, opportunities, threats) means they research on the behaviour, likes, dislikes, what are the deficiencies in the product, what else and what new their customers want in their products and what other companies provided to customers and do better than them.

Jay Gatsby-Pathetic or Romantic Essay

Jay Gatsby, undoubtedly the most love-stricken character in The Great Gatsby, has shown moments of both hopeless romanticism and over-obsessiveness. He has based the past five years on a woman whom he has met only once and might never meet again. His unrealistic dream of someday courting this â€Å"golden girl† has clouded his mind and made him act only in pursuit of this fantasy. Jay Gatsby is a pathetic character because he allowed himself to be consumed by his illusion that he and Daisy might ever end up together. â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be just across the bay. † A stalker is defined as a person who follows or observes a person persistently, especially out of obsession or derangement, Jay Gatsbys’ â€Å"scrapbook† with â€Å" a lot of clippings† and pictures about Daisy shows that he has been following, and keeping track of, her movements for quite some time. At this point in the story, the question of intent might come into play, a person who favored Gatsby as a romantic can argue that perhaps he meant to give the scrapbook as a gift to Daisy when he saw her again, however, there is also a more menacing interpretation of this event, a man sitting in his living room feverishly hunting through newspapers and magazines for a glimpse of, or a story about, his prey. His â€Å"collection† truly shows the depravity and desperation of a pathetic man. Resorting to an attempt at bribery to get what he wants is another way for Gatsby to show that there is no limit to what he would do to meet Daisy again. Again, the argument could be made that Gatsby was simply trying to help a friend, yet if Nick did not have something he coveted, contact with Daisy, Gatsby never would have offered to help Nick â€Å"pick up a nice bit of money†. Nick may have denied Gatsbys’ help, but he did set up a meeting between Daisy and Gatsby. At Nicks’ house, before Daisy’s’ arrival, Gatsby is in a fervor trying to make the house acceptable for the meeting. Perhaps this was an attempt to seem worthy of her attention but more likely, this was Gatsby trying to look more important than he actually is, as was his flashy introduction to his home. Trying too hard to impress someone is definitely a pathetic act. â€Å"I know of nothing more despicable and pathetic than a man who devotes all the hours of the waking day to the making of money for money’s sake. † – John D. Rockefeller. The same could be said about a person who devotes five years of his life on a longshot. His dream is a longshot because in order for it to work, Daisy must be unhappy with her marriage enough to want to give up a life of luxury for a life of love. While she flirts with Gatsby, she is just doing it to get back at Tom for having an affair. While she may appear to be discontent with her marriage, she would never truly want to give up living in the lap of luxury. Everything Gatsby did in the past five years was based on the dream that he and Daisy would be together, a romantic gesture but in the end a pathetic decision for a pathetic man.

Impact Of The Human Rights Act 1998 On Clinical - 1924 Words

Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on clinical (medical) negligence Tort law is a considerably old branch of English law, covering a wide range of areas within such as defamation, nuisance, trespass and, most importantly, negligence. The latter set out the modern concept of negligence by means of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. Furthermore, in twentieth century a number of fundamental elements were established in negligence, elevating its significance above all other areas of tort law. Most problematic and difficult subgroup of negligence is clinical negligence, where doctor are held to another standards. Nonetheless, the old foundations were disturbed by the enforcement of the Human Rights Act 1998, which was a successful attempt to incorporate the European Convention of Human Rights into English domestic law. It is applied directly or indirectly into many areas of law, clinical negligence in torts in particular, adding multiple complications as it has to comply with the new Act. The influence of the HRA is yet to be fully researched professiona lly and amended. In attempt to explore the impact of the HRA 1998 on clinical negligence this essay examines the reasons for integration of the HRA and issues it came with and compares various types of negligence, liability of public authorities and remedies before and after the HRA came into force. The main difference between the HRA and the ECHR is that the former is the domestic legislation and the latter is an internationalShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Mental Health Nursing1596 Words   |  7 Pagesof mental health nursing, I intend to demonstrate how clinical decision making mental health nursing is formulated based on the chosen moral principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and ‘respect for autonomy’ (NHS, 2015). 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